Simpson's Rule

Simpson's Rules are a set of methods for approximating integrals, named after Thomas Simpson. It is generally considered more accurate than using the Trapezoidal Rule. The most basic of the rules is the 1/3 rule.

Simpson's 1/3 Rule

Given an integral, of interval to , where is the function of the line:

Simpson's 1/3 Rule is (note this method is an approximation, not exact):

Composite Simpson's 1/3 Rule

Some functions cannot be accurately approximated by Simpson's 1/3 Rule, in these cases using the following composite rule one can break up the integral into an even number of segments and preform the method on these individual segments to increase the accuracy.

Where

  • - the amount of subintervals (or segments)
  • - the length of each subinterval, equal to
  • - index of summation, see summation notation
    • In this case it would start at 1 as defined below the summation sign and increase until as set on the top of the summation sign
  • - the current location of the subinterval along the x axis (in this case, could be any axis), equal to

Simpson's 3/8 Rule

Simpson's 3/8 Rule, also sometimes called Simpson's second rule, is generally more accurate then the 1/3 rule. [1]

Given an integral, of interval to , where is the function of the line:

Simpson's 3/8 Rule is (note this method is an approximation, not exact):

Composite Simpson's 3/8 Rule

Like the 1/3 Rule the 3/8 Rule can also be broken up into intervals in order to increase accuracy. The composite version of the 3/8 Rule requires that an the total number of intervals be a multiple of 3.

Where

  • - the amount of subintervals (or segments)
  • - the length of each subinterval, equal to
  • , - index of summation, see summation notation
  • , - the current location of the subinterval along the axis (in this case, could be any axis), equal to
  • - the interval of the summation, the is simply stating to use that summation for all values that are not a multiple of 3

If written out it would look like the following:

Other Info

In German and some other languages, it is named after Johannes Kepler who derived it in 1615 after seeing it used for wine barrels (barrel rule, Keplersche Fassregel).

- Wikipedia

Citations

  1. Most all info, and all images, found on Wikipedia

  1. I actually have no idea if it is more accurate, just saying it for now.↩︎